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Soil Phase Relationships:

November 3, 2024November 2, 2024 by Dr. Ahmad Fahmi

Soil Mechanics Lecture

Soil phase relationships describe how solids, water, and air coexist in a given volume of soil and are essential in understanding soil behavior. These relationships are crucial for assessing characteristics like density, porosity, saturation rate, and moisture content, all of which directly impact soil’s engineering performance. By examining the proportions of solids, water, and air, engineers can determine how well the soil can support loads, retain moisture, or drain. Soil that is fully saturated has no air voids, while partially saturated soils contain both air and water within their void spaces. These relationships offer insights into soil’s stability, compressibility, and permeability, which are necessary for effective design in construction and environmental applications.

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Soil Phase Relationships

Volume of air in the voids
Volume of water in the voids
Volume of soil solids

The weight of the air is negligible
Weight of water
Weight of soil solids

Total Volume
Volume of voids
Total Weight

The water content (moisture) represents the proportion of water weight to solid weight.

The void ratio represents the proportion of void volume to solid volume.

The porosity represents the proportion of void volume to total volume.

The porosity represents the proportion of void volume to total volume.

The saturation rate represents the proportion of water volume to void volume.

The air content represents the proportion of air volume to void volume.

The percentage air voids represents the proportion of air volume to total volume.

The weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water is 1 gram.

The weight of 1 cubic centimeter of air is negligible

The weight of 1 cubic centimeter of the clay is 2.72 grams (in this example):

Specific Gravity or Relative density of soil solids:

Specific Gravity or Relative density of soil solids:

Phase 1: Unit weight of air
Phase 2: Unit weight of water
Phase 3: Unit weight of soil solids
3-Phase Soil: Unit weight

Dry Unit Weight

Moisture Unit Weight

Saturated Unit Weight

Dry unit weight
Moisture (total) unit weight
Saturated unit weight

w.Gs=Sr.e

Dry unit weight & Moisture (total) unit weight Relationship

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Bearing Capacity Calculator

October 4, 2024October 4, 2024 by Dr. Ahmad Fahmi

✅ Calculating Bearing Capacity Using Excel Spreadsheets

✅ Bearing Capacity Calculator

Calculating bearing capacity using Excel spreadsheets is a practical, concept-oriented approach for geotechnical engineers and designers. By organizing key soil parameters such as cohesion, internal friction angle, and unit weight into structured spreadsheets, engineers can streamline complex calculations into manageable, step-by-step processes. Excel allows for the efficient application of various bearing capacity methods, such as Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Hansen and Vesic’s equations, with built-in formulas that simplify the determination of foundation performance under different loading conditions. These methods take into account different factors such as soil type, depth, shape, and load conditions, ensuring comprehensive analysis. The concept-oriented design of the spreadsheet not only clarifies the relationships between variables but also enables easy adjustments to parameters, making it ideal for optimizing designs and testing multiple scenarios. This approach improves both the accuracy of calculations and the clarity of data presentation for project documentation and reporting, while allowing engineers to apply industry-standard methods seamlessly.

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Bearing Capacity Calculation in an Excel spreadsheet — **Foundation Engineering: Geotechnical Excel Spreadsheet**

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Comprehensively learning about Bearing Capacity — **Geotechnical Excel Spreadsheets**

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Geotechnical Excel Spreadsheet: Foundation Engineering — **Excel Spreadsheet: Foundation Engineering, Bearing Capacity, Tezaghi, Vesic, Hansen**

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Foundation Engineering: Innovative Excel Spreadsheets — **Excel Spreadsheets for Foundation Engineering, Bearing capacity, Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Vesic, Hansen**

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Excel Spreadsheets for Geotechnical Engineering — **Terzaghi’s Method, Meyerhof’s Method, Vesic’s Method, Hansen’s Method, bearing capacity**

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Excel Spreadsheets for Bearing Capacity Comparison — **Foundation Engineering Concept in Excel Spreadsheet: Comparison**

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Foundation Engineering Excel Spreadsheet — **Geotechnical Excel Spreadsheet**

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Bearing capacity — **Excel Spreadsheets for Geotechnical Engineering**

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Bearing Capacity, Rectangle Footing: Foundation Engineering — **Excel Spreadsheet for Bearing Capacity Calculation**

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Geotechnical Excel Spreadsheet — **Foundation Engineering: Meyerhof’s Method**

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Foundation Engineering: Bearing capacity: Meyerhof's Method: Failure Surface — **Foundation Engineering**

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Foundation Engineering: Bearing capacity: — **Geotechnical Excel Spreadsheet: Foundation Engineering: Failure Surface**

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Geotechnical Excel Spreadsheet / Failure Surface — **Meyerhof’s Method: Failure Surface**

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Foundation Engineering: Bearing capacity: Meyerhof's Method — **Failure Surface/ Geotechnical Excel Spreadsheet**

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Terzaghi's Method: Strip, Square and Circle Foundations: Excel Spreadsheet — **Foundation Engineering Problem & Solution: “Bearing Capacity: Terzaghi’s Method”**

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Bearing Capacity Excel Sprreadsheets — **Bearing Capacity, Terzaghi’s Method**

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Foundation Engineering: Bearing Capacity Soil mechanics and Foundation Engineering Excel Spreadsheets — **Soil mechanics and Foundation Engineering Excel Spreadsheets**

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Using the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) in an Excel spreadsheet for soil classification in geotechnical engineering.

October 3, 2024 by Dr. Ahmad Fahmi

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) in an Excel spreadsheet

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To use the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) in Excel for soil classification in geotechnical engineering, you start by entering soil test data, such as grain size distribution and Atterberg limits, into structured columns. Parameters like particle size percentages and consistency limits are included. Logical formulas are applied to classify the soil based on these data. For example, if over 50% of the particles pass through the No. 200 sieve, the soil is classified as fine-grained; otherwise, it is coarse-grained. Additional criteria like plasticity index and liquid limit further refine the classification into categories like CL, ML, or SM.

GW-GM is a dual classification in USCS, indicating a mix of well-graded gravel (GW) and silty gravel (GM). Well-graded gravel has a wide range of particle sizes, improving compaction and strength, while the silty component suggests the presence of fine particles, which slightly reduces permeability and increases cohesion. This combination provides a balance between stability and drainage, making it suitable for various engineering applications.

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How to utilize the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) in an Excel spreadsheet for soil classification in geotechnical engineering?

October 3, 2024 by Dr. Ahmad Fahmi

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) in an Excel spreadsheet

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To utilize the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) in an Excel spreadsheet for soil classification in geotechnical engineering, you can follow a structured approach. First, input your soil test data, such as grain size distribution (sieve analysis) and Atterberg limits (liquid and plastic limits). Create columns for parameters like particle size percentages (gravel, sand, silt, clay), and consistency limits.

Using these data, set up logical conditions and formulas in Excel to classify the soil. For example, if more than 50% of the particles pass through the No. 200 sieve, it would be classified as “fine-grained,” whereas if less than 50% pass, it would be “coarse-grained.” Use additional conditions based on plasticity index (PI) and liquid limit (LL) to further refine the classification into categories like CL (clay with low plasticity), ML (silt with low plasticity), or SM (silty sand). By organizing the data into such formulas, Excel can automatically classify soils according to USCS standards based on the inputted test results, streamlining the soil classification process.

GP-GC is a dual classification in the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), representing a soil mixture that consists of poorly graded gravel (GP) and clayey gravel (GC). Poorly graded gravel indicates a lack of a wide range of particle sizes, meaning the gravel is uniform in size, while the clayey component suggests the presence of a significant amount of clay, which affects the soil’s cohesiveness and plasticity. This type of soil generally has lower permeability and higher compressibility due to the clay content

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How to Efficiently Calculate Effective Stress, Total Stress, and Pore Water Pressure Using Excel Spreadsheets?

September 29, 2024 by Dr. Ahmad Fahmi

Effective Stress, Total Stress, and Pore Water Pressure Calculation

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To efficiently calculate effective stress, total stress, and pore water pressure using Excel spreadsheets, start by organizing your data, such as soil depth, unit weights, and water levels, in a clear and logical layout. Set up separate columns for each input variable to keep the data structured and easy to update. Next, apply Excel functions to calculate total stress based on the depth of the soil and its unit weight, and pore water pressure by considering the water conditions. The effective stress is then determined by subtracting pore water pressure from total stress. Excel’s features like auto-calculation, data validation, and conditional formatting can streamline the process, ensuring accuracy and allowing you to easily modify inputs to explore different scenarios. This setup provides a simple yet powerful tool for performing geotechnical stress analysis.

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How to calculate the “Bearing Capacity” in an Excel spreadsheet: Vesic’s method?

September 27, 2024September 26, 2024 by Dr. Ahmad Fahmi

Bearing Capacity in an Excel spreadsheet: Vesic’s method

Vesic’s method is a widely used approach in geotechnical engineering for determining the bearing capacity of soils. Building on previous methods like Terzaghi’s, Vesic incorporated advancements in plasticity theory to account for more complex soil conditions. His method provides more accurate predictions by considering factors such as foundation shape, depth, soil compressibility, and load inclination. This makes it especially useful in cases involving layered soils, deep foundations, and variable load conditions, offering greater precision in assessing the stability and capacity of foundations.

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Understanding Soil Phase Relationships Using Excel Spreadsheets

September 27, 2024September 26, 2024 by Dr. Ahmad Fahmi

Understanding Soil Phase Relationships: Problem and Illustrative Solution:

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Grasping the relationships between soil’s different phases is vital in geotechnical engineering and soil science. These phases—solid particles, water, and air—interact in ways that deeply influence key soil properties, such as density, porosity, and moisture content. The balance and interaction of these phases dictate how soil will perform under various conditions. By studying these relationships, engineers can more precisely predict soil behavior, which is critical for designing and building stable, safe structures.

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How to calculate the “Bearing Capacity” in an Excel spreadsheet?

September 27, 2024September 26, 2024 by Dr. Ahmad Fahmi

✅ How to calculate the “Bearing Capacity” in an Excel spreadsheet for strip, square, and circular footings using Terzaghi’s method?

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Terzaghi, Hansen, Vesic, and Meyerhof developed foundational methods in geotechnical engineering for calculating soil bearing capacity. Terzaghi’s method, the earliest and most straightforward, provided a basic bearing capacity formula based on three key factors. Hansen built upon this by adding correction factors for foundation shape, depth, and load inclination. Vesic further enhanced the method, integrating plasticity theory for more accurate predictions under complex conditions. Meyerhof introduced a more generalized bearing capacity formula that accounted for the foundation’s shape, depth, and load inclination, providing a comprehensive approach to bearing capacity estimation.

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Darcy’s law: One-Dimensional Flow of Water Through Soils (Seepage)

September 27, 2024September 26, 2024 by Dr. Ahmad Fahmi

Conceptual and Illustrative Calculations Using Excel Spreadsheet:

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To calculate the flow rate through soil using Darcy’s law, we consider factors such as the soil’s hydraulic conductivity, the cross-sectional area through which the water flows, the difference in hydraulic head (the driving pressure), and the length of the flow path. Darcy’s law essentially states that the flow rate is directly proportional to both the permeability of the soil and the pressure difference, while being inversely proportional to the distance the water travels. This method is commonly used to predict water movement in porous materials like soil.

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How to effectively learn the concept of “Stress Bulb” using Excel spreadsheets?

September 27, 2024September 26, 2024 by Dr. Ahmad Fahmi

✅ Stress Distribution in Soil: Stress Bulb: Boussinesq’s Method (Point Load)

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Stress distribution in soil due to a point load can be analyzed using Boussinesq’s method, which provides a way to calculate how stresses spread within a soil mass. The concept of a “stress bulb” represents the area beneath the surface where the stress decreases with depth and distance from the point of load application. Boussinesq’s method assumes an elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous medium, and it helps in visualizing how vertical stress from a surface load disperses in a bulb-like pattern, with higher stresses near the load and diminishing stresses as the depth and lateral distance increase.

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